Lake Constance - Lake Constance Germany

Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein.

The lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau, St Gallen and Schaffhausen. The river Rhine flows into the lake from the south, with its original course forming the Austro-Swiss border, and has its outflow of the "Lower Lake" where - except from Schaffhausen, see above - it forms the German-Swiss border until the city Basel.

DescriptionEdit

Freshwater Lake Constance is central Europe's third largest, after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is 63 km (39 mi) long, and at its widest point, nearly 14 km (8.7 mi). It covers approximately 571 km² (220 sq mi), and is 395 m (1,296 ft) above sea level. The greatest depth is 252 metres (827 ft) in the middle of the eastern part (Obersee). Its volume is approximately 10×10^⁹ m³ (13×10^⁹ cu yd). The lake has four parts: the main section, called Obersee, 476 km² (184 sq mi); the north section, Ãœberlinger See, 61 km² (24 sq mi); the west section, Untersee, 63 km² (24 sq mi); and the northwest section, the Zeller See and Gnadensee. The regulated Rhine flows into the lake in the southeast, through the Obersee, the city of Konstanz and the Untersee, and flows out near Stein am Rhein. The lake itself is an important drinking water source for southwestern Germany, called Bodensee-Wasserversorgung ("Lake Constance Water Supply"). The culminating point of the lake's drainage basin is the Tödi at 3,614 metres above sea level.

Car ferries link Romanshorn to Friedrichshafen, and Konstanz to Meersburg.

HistoryEdit

Lake Constance was formed by the Rhine Glacier during the ice age and is a zungenbecken lake. The Rhine, the Bregenzer Ache, and the Dornbirner Ache carry sediments from the Alps to the lake, thus gradually decreasing the depth and coastline extension of the lake in the southeast.

Lake Constance was first mentioned by the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela about 43 AD. He noted that the Rhine flows through two lakes, and gave them the Latin names Lacus Venetus (Obersee) and Lacus Acronius (Untersee). Pliny the Elder used the name Lacus Brigantinus, after the Roman city of Brigantium (today Bregenz). The lake is also colloquially known as the Swabian Sea (das schwäbische Meer).

The lake was frozen in the years 1077 (?), 1326 (partial), 1378 (partial), 1435, 1465 (partial), 1477 (partial), 1491 (partial?), 1517 (partial), 1571 (partial), 1573, 1600 (partial), 1684, 1695, 1709 (partial), 1795, 1830, 1880 (partial), and 1963.

Approximately 1,000 tonnes (1,100 short tons) of fish were caught by 150 professional fishermen in 2001 which was below the previous ten year average of 1,200 tonnes (1,300 short tons) per year. The Lake Constance trout (Salmo trutta) was almost extinct in the 1980s due to pollution, but thanks to protective measures they have made a significant return. Lake Constance is the home of the critically endangered species of trout Salvelinus profundus, and formerly also the now extinct Lake Constance whitefish (Coregonus gutturosus).

NameEdit

After the Council of Constance, the Latin-speaking Catholic world gave the lake its current international name. It was derived from the city of Konstanz, that, in turn, was named after a Roman emperor (either Constantius Chlorus or his grandson Constantius II). The German name, Bodensee, derives from the town of Bodman, situated at a nearby branch of the lake some 8 km northwest of Konstanz.

International bordersEdit

Lake Constance is the only area in Europe where no borders exist, because there is no legally binding agreement as to where the borders lie between Switzerland, Germany and Austria. However, Switzerland holds the view that the border runs through the middle of the lake, Austria is of the opinion that the contentious area belongs to all the states on its banks, which is known as a "condominium", and Germany holds an ambiguous opinion. Legal questions pertaining to ship transport and fishing are regulated in separate treaties.

Naturally, disputes arise. One concerns a houseboat which was moored in two states (ECJ c. 224/97 Erich Ciola); another concerns the rights to fish in the Bay of Bregenz. In relation to the latter, an Austrian family was of the opinion that it alone had the right to fish in broad portions of the bay. However, this was accepted neither by the Austrian courts nor by the organs and courts of the other states.

Recent floodsEdit

• A 100-year flood around June 1999 (Pfingsthochwasser 1999) raised the level about 2 metres above normal, flooding harbors and many shoreline buildings and hotels.
• In late August 2005, heavy rain raised the level by more than 70 cm in a few days. The rains caused widespread flooding and washed out highways and railroads.

Tourism, leisure and sportsEdit

The tourism and leisure industry is an important factor for this region. Overnight stays reached 17,56m visitors in 2012 with an turnover of about 1.9bn Euros. The same amount comes from the 70 million daily visitors that visit Lake Constance each year.

This region is known for sightseeing, water-sports, winter-sports like Skiing, summer-sports like Swimming (sport), Sailing and recreation. It is also one of the places where modern Zeppelin operate and 12-14 people can take a trip above the lake around various points of interests.

The lake and the region around it have a substantial touristic infrastructure as well as many attractions and points of interests. Important are especially cities like Konstanz, Ãœberlingen, Meersburg, Friedrichshafen, Lindau and Bregenz as they are the big hubs for boating tourism. The main tourism attractions are places like Rhine Falls, one of the three biggest waterfalls in Europe, the Mainau Island and Reichenau Island (UNESCO world heritage), the pilgrimage church Birnau, castles and palaces like Salem Abbey, Meersburg Castle as well as another UNESCO world heritage site, the Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen (German for 'Stilt house museum).

In the east of the lake, the Alps are reaching almost to it thus allowing a great view over the lake. The Pfänderbahn goes from top of the mountain right down, next to the lake in Bregenz.

Biking around the lake is also possible on the 261 km long trail called "Bodensee-Radweg". It brings its visitors to the most interesting sites and goes around the whole lake. Nevertheless, various shortcuts via ferries allow shorter routes and the trail is suitable for all levels. Note: There is also a trail that goes by the name "Bodensee-Rundweg". This road was intended for pedestrians so biking is sometimes not suitable or allowed.

Furthermore, Lake Constance is the location for the annual Bregenzer Festspiele, a well known arts festival that also takes place on a floating stage in Bregenz. Opera and music performances generally tend to come from popular pieces and among contributors are top music bands like the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Islands in the lakeEdit

The three major islands are:

• Mainau Island
• Reichenau Island
• Lindau

These are all of the islands and former islands in Lake Constance, listed from east to west:

Towns and cities at the lakeEdit

AustriaEdit

• Hard
• Hörbranz
• Bregenz
• Lochau
• Höchst
• Fussach
• Gaissau

GermanyEdit

From the entry of the Rhine, on the northern or right shore:

• On the Upper Lake (Obersee) and Ãœberlinger See
  • Lindau (in Bavaria)
  • Wasserburg
  • Nonnenhorn
  • Kressbronn (in Baden-Württemberg)
  • Langenargen
  • Eriskirch
  • Friedrichshafen
  • Immenstaad
  • Hagnau
  • Stetten
  • Meersburg
  • Uhldingen-Mühlhofen (on Ãœberlinger See)
  • Ãœberlingen
  • Sipplingen
  • Bodman-Ludwigshafen
• Konstanz with suburbs
  • Wallhausen
  • Dingelsdorf
  • Litzelstetten
• On the lower lake (Untersee)
  • Reichenau (including the island with same name)
  • Allensbach (on Gnadensee)
  • Radolfzell (on Zellersee)
  • Moos
  • Gaienhofen
  • Öhningen

SwitzerlandEdit

From the entry of the Rhine, on the southern or left shore:

• On the Upper Lake (Obersee)
  • Altenrhein, St. Gallen
  • Rorschach, St. Gallen
  • Horn, Thurgau
  • Steinach, St. Gallen
  • Arbon, Thurgau (as all the following)
  • Frasnacht
  • Egnach
  • Romanshorn
  • Uttwil
  • Kesswil
  • Güttingen
  • Altnau
  • Landschlacht
  • Münsterlingen
  • Bottighofen
  • Kreuzlingen (and Konstanz, Germany)
• On the Rhine
  • Gottlieben
• On the Lower Lake (Untersee)
  • Ermatingen
  • Mannenbach
  • Berlingen
  • Steckborn
  • Mammern
  • Eschenz
  • Stein am Rhein, Schaffhausen

See alsoEdit

• Ãœberlingen mid-air collision
• Württembergischer Yacht Club
• Lake Constance is also the title of a track from Mike Oldfield's The Millennium Bell album
• Obersee (Lake Constance)

ReferencesEdit

Notes

Further reading

• Zimmermann, Rolf (2004) A Look at Lake Constance. Konstanz: Stadler Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 3-7977-0507-7. (Pictures and texts of the cities around Lake Constance).

External linksEdit

• Bodensee-Hochwasser (German) waterlevels
• Internationale Bodenseekonferenz
• Regio Bodensee Statistics
• Lake Constance: pictures
• Photos of Lake Constance
• Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
• GrenzRaumSee: A project from the Ludwig-Uhland-Institut für Empirische Kulturwissenschaft (Ludwig-Uhland-Department of European Ethnology / Empirical Cultural Science) of the University of Tübingen
• Lake Constance/Bodensee Lessons learned managing the lake
• Lake Constance Accommodation
• Tourist Information Lake Constance
• Karl Heinz Burmeister: Lake Constance in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
• Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Bodensee" (PDF), Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 4