The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York is a Latin Catholic archdiocese in New York State. It encompasses the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx and Staten Island in New York City and the Counties of Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan, Ulster, and Westchester in New York. The Archdiocese of New York is the second-largest diocese in the United States, encompassing 296 parishes that serve around 2.8 million Catholics in addition to hundreds of Catholic schools, hospitals and charities. The Archdiocese also operates the well-known St. Joseph's Seminary, commonly referred to as Dunwoodie. The Archdiocese of New York is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of New York which includes the suffragan dioceses of Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Ogdensburg, Rochester, Rockville Centre and Syracuse.
The Latin name of the archdiocese is Archidioecesis Neo-Eboracensis (Eboracum being the Roman name of York, England), and the corporate name is Archdiocese of New York.
It publishes a bi-weekly newspaper, Catholic New York, the largest of its kind in the United States.
Prelature
The ordinary of the Archdiocese of New York is an archbishop whose cathedra is The Cathedral of St. Patrick (commonly St. Patrick's Cathedral) in Manhattan, New York. The Archbishop of New York is also the metropolitan of the larger Ecclesiastical Province of New York, which consists of the eight dioceses that comprise the State of New York with the exception of a small portion (Fishers Island) that belongs to the Province of Hartford. As such, the metropolitan archbishop possesses certain limited authority over the suffragan sees of the province (see ecclesiastical province).
R. Luke Concanen became the first Bishop of the (then) Diocese of New York in 1808. The current Archbishop of New York is Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan.
History
Initially, the territory that now makes up the Archdiocese of New York was part of the Prefecture Apostolic of United States of America which was established on November 26, 1784. On November 6, 1789, the Prefecture was elevated to a diocese and the present territory of the Archdiocese of New York fell under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Baltimore, headed by the first American bishop, John Carroll.
At the time, there was a dearth of priests to minister to the large territory. The first Roman Catholic Church in New York City was St. Peter's on Barclay Street. The land was purchased from Trinity Church with community donations and a gift of 1,000 pieces of silver from King Charles III of Spain. The church was built in the federal style. Among its regular worshippers were Saint Elizabeth Seton and Venerable Pierre Toussaint.
On April 8, 1808, the Holy See raised Baltimore to the status of an Archdiocese. At the same time, the dioceses of Philadelphia, Boston, Bardstown (now Louisville, KY) and New York were created. At the time of its establishment, the Diocese of New York covered all of the State of New York, as well as the northeastern New Jersey counties of Sussex, Bergen, Morris, Essex, Somerset, Middlesex, and Monmouth.
Since the first appointed bishop could not set sail from Italy due to the Napoleonic blockade, a Jesuit priest, Anthony Kohlmann, was appointed administrator. He was instrumental in organizing the diocese and preparing for the Cathedral of St. Patrick to be built on Mulberry Street. Among the difficulties faced by Catholics at the time was anti-Catholic bigotry in general and in the New York school system. A strong Nativist movement sought to keep Catholics out of the country and to prevent those already present from advancing.
On April 23, 1847 territory was taken from the Diocese to form the Dioceses of Albany and Buffalo. The Diocese was elevated to an Archdiocese on July 19, 1850. On July 29, 1853 territory was again taken from the Diocese, this time to form the Diocese of Newark and the Diocese of Brooklyn. The Bahamas were made a part of the Archdiocese of New York, establishing the first permanent Catholic presence, on July 25, 1885 due to their proximity to New York's busy port. Churches and schools were constructed and administered until The Bahamas' eventual dissociation to form the Prefecture Apostolic of Bahama (now the Archdiocese of Nassau) on March 21, 1929. By 1932, The Bahamas were no longer under the spiritual jurisdiction of New York.
Archdiocesan demographics
As of 2014 the Catholic population of the Archdiocese is 2,634,624. These Catholics were served by 932 archdiocesan priests and 913 priests of religious orders. Also laboring in the diocese were 359 permanent deacons, 1,493 religious brothers, and 3,153 nuns.
For comparison, in 1929, the Catholic population of the Archdiocese was 1,273,291 persons. There were 1,314 clergy ministering in the archdiocese and 444 churches. There were also 170,348 children in Catholic educational and welfare institutions.
In 1959, there were 7,913 nuns and sisters ministering in the Archdiocese, representing 103 different religious orders.
Anniversaries of significance to the archdiocese
- January 4 - Memorial of Elizabeth Ann Seton, native of New York
- January 5 - Memorial of John Neumann, ordained a priest of New York
- February 18 - Anniversary of Archbishop Dolan's elevation to Cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI (2012)
- February 23 -Anniversary of Archbishop Dolan's appointment to the Archdiocese by Pope Benedict XVI (2009)
- March 17 - Solemnity of Saint Patrick, Patronal Feast of both the Archdiocese and the Cathedral
- April 8 - Anniversary of the establishment of the Diocese of New York (1808)
- April 15 - Anniversary of Archbishop Dolan's Installation (2009)
- May 5 - Memorial of Blessed Edmund Rice, founder of the Irish Christian Brothers
- July 14 - Memorial of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha, born near Albany in territory which was once part of the Diocese of New York
- September 5 - Memorial of Saint Teresa of Calcutta, who did missionary work in the Bronx
- October 5 - Anniversary of Dedication of the Cathedral of Saint Patrick
- November 13 - Memorial of Frances Xavier Cabrini, missionary in New York
Bishops and Prelates
Diocesan bishops
The following is a list of the Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops of New York who have served as the diocesan bishop of New York (and their tenures of service):
Bishops of the Diocese of New York (1808â€"July 19, 1850):
- R. Luke Concanen, O.P. †(1808â€"1810)
- John Connolly, O.P. †(1814â€"1825)
- John Dubois, S.S. †(1826â€"1842)
- John Joseph Hughes †â€" 4th bishop and 1st archbishop of New York (see below)
Archbishops of the Archdiocese of New York:
- John Joseph Hughes †(1842â€"1864) (Coadjutor Bishop in 1837, Bishop in 1842, Archbishop in 1850)
- John Cardinal McCloskey †(1864â€"1885)
- Michael Augustine Corrigan †(1885â€"1902)
- John Murphy Cardinal Farley †(1902â€"1918)
- Patrick Joseph Cardinal Hayes †(1919â€"1938)
- Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman †(1939â€"1967)
- Terence James Cardinal Cooke †(1968â€"1983)
- John Joseph Cardinal O'Connor †(1984â€"2000)
- Edward Michael Cardinal Egan †(2000â€"2009)
- Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan (2009â€"present)
†= deceased
Auxiliary bishops
Current
- Peter John Byrne - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1984 and a bishop in 2014; titular bishop of Cluain Iraird
- John Joseph Jenik - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1970 and a bishop in 2014; titular bishop of Druas.
- Dominick John Lagonegro - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1969 and a bishop in 2001; titular bishop of Modrus
- John Joseph O’Hara - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1984 and a bishop in 2014; titular bishop of Ath Truim.
Bishops Emeriti
- Robert Anthony Brucato - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1957 and a bishop in 1997; titular bishop of Temuniana. Retired on October 31, 2006.
- Josu Iriondo - Ordained a priest in 1962 in Spain; became an archdiocesan priest in 1995. Ordained a bishop in 2001; titular bishop of Alton. Retired on February 1, 2014.
- James Francis McCarthy - Ordained an archdiocesan priest on June 1, 1968. Ordained a bishop on June 29, 1999; titular bishop of Verrona. Resigned on June 15, 2002 due to a scandal.
- Gerald Thomas Walsh -Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1967 and a bishop in 2004; titular bishop of Altiburus. Retired on September 5, 2017.
Former; currently living
- Henry J. Mansell - appointed auxiliary bishop on November 24, 1992; ordained a bishop on January 6, 1993; named twelfth bishop of Buffalo on April 18, 1995; named twelfth archbishop of Hartford, Connecticut; Retired on October 29, 2013.
- Theodore Edgar McCarrick - Ordained an archdiocesan priest on May 31, 1958; appointed auxiliary bishop on May 24, 1977; ordained a bishop on June 29, 1977; named founding bishop of Metuchen, New Jersey, on November 19, 1981; named fourth archbishop of Newark on May 30, 1986; named fifth archbishop of Washington, D.C., on November 21, 2000; created cardinal on February 21, 2001; retired on May 16, 2006.
- Timothy A. McDonnell - appointed auxiliary bishop on October 30, 2001; ordained a bishop on December 12, 2001; named the eighth bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts on March 9, 2004; retired on June 19, 2014
- Edwin Frederick O'Brien - appointed auxiliary bishop on February 6, 1996; ordained a bishop on March 25, 1996; appointed fifth archbishop of the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA; appointed fifteenth archbishop of Baltimore. Created cardinal on February 18, 2012. Appointed Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem on February 18, 2012 (had been appointed Pro-Grand Master on August 29, 2011).
- Dennis Joseph Sullivan - Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1971 and a bishop in 2004; titular bishop of Enera. Appointed on January 8, 2013 by Pope Benedict XVI to be the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Was formally installed as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden on February 12, 2013.
Former; Deceased
- Patrick Vincent Ahern †â€" Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1945 and a bishop in 1970; titular bishop of Naiera. Died on March 19, 2011.
- Edwin Broderick †- Ordained a priest in 1942; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1967; appointed eighth bishop of Albany in 1969. Died on July 2, 2006.
- Thomas Cusack †- Ordained a priest in 1885; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1904; appointed fifth bishop of Albany in 1915. Died on July 12, 1918.
- Edward Vincent Dargin †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1922 and a bishop in 1953; titular bishop of Amphipolis. Died on April 20, 1981.
- Joseph Patrick Donahue †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1895 and a bishop in 1945; titular bishop of Emmaüs. Died on April 26, 1959.
- John Joseph Dunn †- Ordained a priest in 1896 and a bishop in 1921; titular bishop of Camuliana. Died on August 31, 1933.
- John Michael Fearns †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1922 and a bishop in 1957; titular bishop of Geras. Died on July 4, 1977.
- Joseph Francis Flannelly †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1918 and a bishop in 1948; titular bishop of Metelis. Died on May 23, 1973.
- Francisco Garmendia †- Incardinated as an archdiocesan priest in 1975 and ordained a bishop in 1977; titular bishop of Limisa. Died on November 16, 2005.
- James Henry Ambrose Griffiths †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1927 and auxiliary bishop in 1949; served until 1955; died on February 24, 1964.
- George Henry Guilfoyle †- Ordained a priest in 1944; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1964; appointed fourth bishop of Camden in 1968. Died on June 11, 1991.
- Edward Dennis Head †- Ordained a priest in 1945; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1970; titular bishop of Ard Sratha; appointed eleventh bishop of Buffalo in 1973. Died on March 29, 2005.
- Walter P. Kellenberg †- Ordained a priest in 1928; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1953; appointed sixth bishop of Ogdensburg in 1954; appointed first bishop of Rockville Centre in 1957. Died on January 11, 1986.
- John Joseph Maguire †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1928 and became an auxiliary bishop in 1959; became coadjutor archbishop in 1965. Died on July 6, 1989.
- James Patrick Mahoney †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1951 and a bishop in 1972; titular bishop of Ipagro. Died on June 1, 2002.
- William Jerome McCormack †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1959 and a bishop in 1986; titular bishop of Nicives. Died on November 24, 2013.
- James Francis McIntyre †- Ordained a priest in 1921; appointed auxiliary bishop on November 16, 1940; appointed coadjutor archbishop on July 20, 1946; appointed second archbishop of Los Angeles on February 7, 1948; created cardinal on January 12, 1953; retired on January 21, 1970; died on July 16, 1979.
- Anthony Francis Mestice †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1949 and ordained a bishop in 1973; titular bishop of Villa Nova; he was the first U.S.-born Italian-American priest to become a bishop of the New York Archdiocese. Died on April 29, 2011
- Emerson John Moore †- first African-American bishop in New York. Died on September 14, 1995.
- Joseph Thomas O'Keefe †- Ordained a priest in 1948; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1982; appointed eighth bishop of Syracuse in 1987. Died on September 2, 1997.
- Joseph Maria Pernicone †- Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1926 and a bishop in 1954; titular bishop of Hadrianopolis in Honoriade. First Italian-American bishop in New York. Died on February 11, 1985.
- Venerable Fulton J. Sheen †â€" television personality; appointed auxiliary bishop in 1951; ordained a bishop on June 11, 1951; appointed bishop of Rochester in 1966; resigned in 1969 and elevated to titular archbishop. Died on December 9, 1979; buried in crypt of St. Patrick's Cathedral.
- Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan †â€" Ordained an archdiocesan priest in 1947 and a bishop in 1990; titular bishop of Cursola. Died on December 2, 2011.
- Austin Bernard Vaughan †- Auxiliary bishop, 1977-2000.
†= deceased
Other bishops who once were priests in the Archdiocese of New York
Living
- Charles Daniel Balvo â€" titular Archbishop of Castello, Current Apostolic Nuncio to Kenya and Apostolic Nuncio to South Sudan, Former Apostolic Nuncio to New Zealand, Apostolic Nuncio to the Cook Islands (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Fiji (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Kiribati (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to the Marshall Islands (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to the Federated States of Micronesia (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Nauru (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Palau (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Samoa (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Tonga (non-residential), Apostolic Nuncio to Vanuatu (non-residential)
- Charles John Brown â€" titular archbishop of Aquileia, apostolic nuncio to Ireland
Deceased
- St. John Nepomucene Neumann †- Ordained for the diocese of New York in 1836, later became a Redemptorist; appointed the fourth bishop of Philadelphia in 1852. died on January 5, 1860.
- Patrick Aloysius O'Boyle †- Ordained a priest in 1921; appointed the second archbishop of Washington, DC in 1947. Appointed a cardinal in 1967 and given the basilica of S. Nicola in Carcere. died on August 10, 1987.
- Charles H. Colton †- Ordained a priest in 1876; appointed the fourth bishop of Buffalo in 1903. died on May 9, 1915.
- John J. Conroy †- Ordained a priest in 1842; appointed the second bishop of Albany in 1865. died on November 20, 1895.
- Joseph Thomas Dimino †â€" fourth archbishop of the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA; died on November 25, 2014.
- Philip Joseph Furlong †â€" Ordained a priest in 1918; appointed auxiliary Bishop to the US Military Vicariate (a responsibility at the time of the archbishop of New York) on December 3, 1955. At the death of Cardinal Spellman on December 2, 1967, Furlong served as administrator of the military vicariate until the appointment of Bishop (future Cardinal) Cooke as new military vicar on April 4, 1968. Furlong retired from the Vicariate in 1971 at 78. died on April 13, 1989.
- Charles Edward McDonnell†- Ordained a priest in 1878; appointed the second bishop of Brooklyn in 1892. died on August 8, 1921.
- Francis Patrick McFarland †- Ordained a priest in 1845; appointed the third bishop of Hartford in 1857. died on October 2, 1874.
- Francis McNeirny †- Ordained a priest in 1845; appointed coadjutor bishop of Albany and titular bishop of Rhesaina in 1871. Appointed the third bishop of Albany in 1877. died on January 2, 1894.
- Bernard John Joseph McQuaid †- Ordained a priest in 1848; appointed the first bishop of Rochester (N.Y.) in 1868. died on January 18, 1909.
- Rrok Kola Mirdita †â€" archbishop of Durrës-Tirana, Albania. died in 2015
- John Joseph Mitty †- Ordained a priest in 1906; appointed the third bishop of Salt Lake City in 1926. Appointed coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco and the titular bishop of Aegina in 1932. Appointed the fourth archbishop of San Francisco in 1935. died on October 15, 1961.
- William Quarter †- Ordained a priest in 1829; appointed the first bishop of Chicago in 1843. died on April 10, 1848.
- Francis Frederick Reh †- Ordained a priest in 1935; appointed the ninth bishop of Charleston in 1962. Appointed the rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome and the titular bishp of Macriana in Mauretania in 1964. Appointed the third bishop of Saginaw in 1968. died on November 14, 1994.
- Joseph Rummel †- Ordained a priest in 1902; appointed the fourth bishop of Omaha in 1928. Appointed the tenth archbishop of New Orleans in 1935. died on November 8, 1964.
- William Scully †- Ordained a priest in 1919; appointed coadjutor bishop of Albany and titular bishop of Pharsalus in 1945. Appointed the seventh bishop of Albany in 1954. died on January 5, 1969.
†= deceased
Churches
Schools
Religious orders
Cemeteries
The following cemeteries are under the auspices of Calvary & Allied Cemeteries, Inc.:
- Calvary Cemetery - Established in 1847; located in Queens. The cemetery, while located in the Diocese of Brooklyn, is property of the Archdiocese of New York as it was established before the Diocese of Brooklyn was canonically erected.
- Cemetery of the Ascension - Located in Airmont in Rockland County.
- Cemetery of the Resurrection - Located in Staten Island.
- Gate of Heaven Cemetery - Located in Valhalla in Westchester County.
Many parishes have their own cemeteries, or their own sections in private cemeteries. An incomplete list of those cemeteries follows:
- All Souls Cemetery (Pleasantville) - Belongs to Holy Innocents Church in Pleasantville.
- Assumption Cemetery (Cortlandt Manor) - Belongs to Assumption Church in Peekskill.
- Calvary Cemetery (Newburgh) - Belongs to St. Patrick Church in Newburgh.
- Calvary Cemetery (Poughkeepsie) - Belongs to St. Martin de Porres Church in Poughkeepsie.
- Holy Mount Cemetery (Eastchester) - Belongs to Immaculate Conception Church in Tuckahoe.
- Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (New Rochelle) - Belongs to Blessed Sacrament Church in New Rochelle.
- Mount Calvary Cemetery (White Plains) - Belongs to St. John the Evangelist Church in White Plains.
- Sacred Heart Cemetery (Barrytown) - Belongs to St. Christopher Church in Red Hook. The parish has a mission chapel in Barrytown.
- St. Anastasia Cemetery (Harriman) - Belongs to St. Anastasia Church in Harriman.
- St. Denis Cemetery (Hopewell Junction) - Belongs to St. Denis Church in Hopewell Junction.
- St. Francis of Assisi Cemetery (Mount Kisco) - Belongs to St. Francis of Assisi Church in Mount Kisco.
- St. Joachim Cemetery (Beacon) - Belongs to St. Joachim-St. John the Evangelist Church in Beacon. The cemetery consists of an old section and a new section.
- St. John Cemetery (Goshen) - Belongs to St. John the Evangelist Church in Goshen.
- St. John Cemetery (Pawling) - Belongs to St. John the Evangelist Church in Pawling.
- St. Joseph Cemetery (Florida) - Belongs to St. Joseph Church in Florida.
- St. Joseph Cemetery (Middletown) - Belongs to St. Joseph Church in Middletown.
- St. Joseph Cemetery (Millbrook) - Belongs to St. Joseph Church in Millbrook.
- St. Joseph Cemetery ( [Wurtsboro, NY/ Mamakating]) - Belongs to St. joseph Church in Wurtsboro. pastor
- St. Joseph Cemetery (Yonkers) - Belongs to St. Joseph Church in Yonkers.
- St. Lucy Cemetery (Cochecton) - Belongs to St. Francis Xavier Church in Narrowsburg. There was formerly a mission church in Cochecton.
- St. Mary Cemetery (Bangall) - Belongs to Immaculate Conception Church in Bangall.
- St. Mary Cemetery (Port Jervis) - Belongs to St. Mary Church in Port Jervis.
- St. Mary Cemetery (Wappingers Falls) - Belongs to St. Mary Church in Wappingers Falls.
- St. Mary Cemetery (Washingtonville) - Belongs to St. Mary Church in Washingtonville.
- St. Mary Cemetery (Yonkers) - Belongs to St. Mary Church in Yonkers.
- St. Patrick Cemetery (Millerton) - Belongs to Immaculate Conception Church in Amenia. The parish has a mission chapel in Millerton.
- St. Patrick Cemetery (Newburgh) - Belongs to St. Patrick Church in Newburgh.
- St. Peter Cemetery (Kingston) - Belongs to St. Peter Church in Kingston.
- St. Peter Cemetery (Poughkeepsie) - Belongs to St. Peter Church in Hyde Park. The church was formerly located in Poughkeepsie.
- St. Raymond Cemetery (The Bronx) - Belongs to St. Raymond Church in the Bronx. The cemetery consists of an old section and a new section.
- St. Stephen Cemetery (Warwick) - Belongs to St. Stephen-St. Edward Church in Warwick.
- St. Sylvia Cemetery (Tivoli) - Belongs to St. Sylvia Church in Tivoli.
- St. Thomas Cemetery (Cornwall-on-Hudson) - Belongs to St. Thomas of Canterbury Church in Cornwall-on-Hudson.
Catholic charitable organizations
Saints, blesseds, and venerables of New York
- St. Elizabeth Ann Seton â€" Also known as Mother Seton; founded the Sisters of Charity; first canonized saint of New York; first U.S. native-born citizen canonized a saint; aunt of Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley (first Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore).
- St. Frances Xavier Cabrini â€" Also known as Mother Cabrini; founded the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart; first U.S. citizen canonized a saint. Her shrine is located in Washington Heights.
- St. Isaac Jogues â€" Jesuit missionary, active in northern New York State, but before the establishment of the Diocese of New York.
- St. John Nepomucene Neumann â€" Ordained as a priest of New York; later became a Redemptorist; became the fourth Bishop of Philadelphia (1852â€"60) and the first U.S. bishop to be canonized; as bishop of Philadelphia, he founded the first Catholic diocesan school system in the U.S.
- St. Kateri Tekakwitha
- Venerable Fulton Sheen
- Venerable Pierre Toussaint
- Isaac Thomas Hecker - Servant of God; founder of the Paulist Fathers.
- Vincent Robert Capodanno â€" Servant of God; Navy chaplain in Vietnam War; awarded Medal of Honor.
- Dorothy Day - Servant of God; sainthood cause being investigated currently in Rome.
- Terence Cooke-Servant of God
- Rose Hawthorne Lathrop - Sainthood cause in Rome; founder of the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne.
Shrines of New York
- St. Frances Xavier Cabrini Shrine, next to Mother Cabrini High School, at 701 Fort Washington Avenue, in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan. The street to the west of the shrine was renamed Cabrini Boulevard in her honor.
Province of New York
- See: List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States, Ecclesiastical province of New York
See also
- John P. Chidwick â€" Ordained a priest of New York; chaplain on USS Maine
- Francis Patrick Duffy â€" Ordained a priest of New York in 1896; chaplain during World War I, for the 69th Infantry Regiment (a military unit from New York City and part of the New York Army National Guard) â€" known as "The Fighting 69th" â€" which had been federalized and redesignated the 165th U.S. Infantry Regiment.
- Sisters of Life â€" Founded in 1991 by John Joseph O'Connor, Cardinal Archbishop of New York.
References
External links
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York Official Site
- Catholic New York
- Catholic Encyclopedia article